Three possible transition pathways to an energy efficient future-market-based, ecological modernisation, and radical transformation-are considered for the construction industry, responsible for 40% of European Union (EU) end-use emissions. Considerable obstacles to achieving low energy construction (LEC) are evident in the UK, including: A performance gap between design intention and on-site energy performance; sharp occupational interfaces where the main heat losses occur; declines in the level, breadth and quality of construction vocational education and training (VET); and the lack of a learning infrastructure on sites. Near zero energy building (nZEB) is very different from traditional forms, requiring greater 'thermal literacy' of all construction occupations, higher qualification levels, broader occupational profiles, integrated team working rather than self-employment and extended subcontracting chains, and better communication given the complex work processes involved. The required expertise is relative to the transition pathway adopted and in the UK a radical transformation of the existing structure of VET provision and of employment is needed for trainees and the workforce to acquire enhanced understanding of LEC, based on a broader concept of agency and backed up by rigorous enforcement of standards.
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