The high rates of structural unemployment, coupled with the lack of professionals with mid-level qualifications in southern European countries, are leading to the implementation of reforms in their vocational training (VET) systems. These reforms, promoted by the European Union, have used the Central European dual model as the reference. However, this transfer is accompanied by processes of adoption, adaptation and transformation in its implementation, where different challenges and difficulties arise among the actors involved. This article is based on a systematic literature review of the challenges and difficulties faced jointly by the public and private sectors in the implementation of the dual model. It follows the PRISMA protocol and the proposals of O'Neill & Booth (2017) for the use of Nvivo in systematic reviews. The search and creation of the bibliographic corpus was carried out through WoS-Main Collection, Scopus and ProQuest.The results systematise the challenges and difficulties that the scientific literature on public-private partnerships for the proper functioning of dual VET, which are key to the implementation processes. These revolve around access, network cooperation, curriculum development, the tension between productivity and training and the response to economic downturns.The literature reviewed warns us that any attempt to reform VET along the lines of the Central European dual model entails multiple contextual challenges which make a direct transfer difficult. Social dialogue emerges as a fundamental tool for successful implementation. © 2023 Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management
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