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Investing in on-the-job training (OJT) is risky because the value of specific human capital is lost if a permanent separation occurs between the employer and employee. An efficient contract between the two parties can reduce but not eliminate the risk. In theory, some form of "training insurance" could further reduce the risk or eliminate it entirely by pooling risk among employees or employers. The merits of this idea in practice could be determined by field tests, as could the value of ideas for improving the actual process of OJT. © 1982.

Between 1961 and 1966 hydrocephalus operations were performed on 237 children; 66 had a myelocele, 105 a hydrocephalus communicans and 66 a hydrocephalus occlusus. Of these 237 cases 78 (33%) died. Of the surviving 159 follow-up data are available on 140 (88%). Since 1969 nearly all have been psychologically examined at regular 2-year intervals. The mean IQ were: Myeloceles: 94±20.42; hydrocephalus communicans: 87±26.01; hydrocephalus occlusus: 79±28.07; total group: 88±24.10. The results of the long-term study showed a stable development in 61%, an improvement in 29% and a deterioration in 10% of the cases. The development of mental ability is described in relation to neurological deficits and cerebral seizures. The number of shunt-revision operations had no influence. In addition to the familial background, the school career and kind of final schoolexamination is stated. Of the school leavers (44%), 52% took a final school examination (44% primary school examination, 6% secondary school lower certificate and 2% school-leaving examination). Finally, the data for their choice of profession is given. Considering the course of their development to date, it may be anticipated, that approximately 60% of those 140 young people will be able to practise a normal professional life. © 1981 Springer-Verlag.

In the 1977-1979 period 84 thalidomide-affected young people who had followed secondary education up to level 1 (Sekundarstufe 1; school leaving age approx. 16 years) had been interviewed regarding their choice of occupation and vocational integration experience. The group consisted of young people with purely orthopaedical impairments, who were rank-ordered in four degrees of disability severity according to the extent of medical lesion. A parallel group of non-disabled young people, selected on the criteria of sex, age, educational level, vocational objectives, and occupational status of the father, had been matched to the group under examination. A general deficit in occupational information is apparent in the youths. Only 38 percent had received general vocational information at school. The young people themselves seem to have been aware of this deficit as 62 percent contacted the vocational counselling service. The efforts to find a job, if undertaken at all, frequently are initiated by the employment office, not by the disabled themselves. The occupational goals of the physically disabled are significantly more often coined by institutions. Also, their failure to secure an apprenticeship contract is significantly higher. In answering the occupational questionnaire the physically disabled express more distinct vocational confidence and concreteness, while stating at the same time that they consider their occupational opportunities restricted. On the whole there is a risk of the physically disabled - possibly already due to a specific socialisation process the disabled individual may undergo - letting their occupational decision be determined by external influences.

General principles for using the physical therapy competencies in clinical education are presented. Several systems for using the competencies in a physical therapy internship curriculum are described.

A report is presented on the role of the medical profession in occupational guidance, especially for adolescents with disabilities. On the basis of the new guideline about Application for an Apprenticeship, (1977), the tasks for the different health care departments and their responsibilities in this field are set out. In addition, the author outlines the many possibilities for occupational integration of adolescents with some form of disability.

Out of 725 young men 92.4% were judged to be fit for work, 7.2% provisionally fit, and 0.4% had to be judged to be unfit. A striking fact is the relatively high proportion of 20.3% of provisionally fit apprentices for work as dockers, in comparison with only 3.5% of apprentices for the activity of able-bodies seamen. This makes it clear that there is a certain selectively in the job selection examination of young men, with high standards for the sense organs in seafarers. In the apprenticeship of dockers the stanadards of the skeletal and muscular systems are not as high in the job selection. All medical findings in the lesser fitness groups were classifiable into the specialities of ophthalmology, orthopaedics, and internal medicine. In the able-bodied seamen apprentices eye conditions predominated, and disorders of the motor apparatus predominated in the docker apprentices. The unfitness was divided equally among the 3 working fields and was restricted to diminution of visual acuity, affections of the vertebral column and hypertension.

Int. J. Rehab. Research, 1980, 3 (2), 239-241. Statement of problem and aim: The State of Rheinland-Pfalz has introduced special forms of basic vocational training1 for adolescents having no vocational training or employment relationship and whose performance in the present vocational course is not expected to allow them to participate in the course of the basic vocational school year. Learning disordered adolescents, i.e. pupils with individual, only partially well defined, light or short-term learning disturbances take part in the special basic vocational school year SO 1 (BGJ/SOl). This one-year, full-time educational course is supposed to remedy, as far as possible, existent learning disorders, qualify the pupil for certain activities or functions within the ambit of his vocational aspirations, and enable him to enter into a vocational training relationship. In addition, learning disordered adolescents with good marks can achieve an educational standard equivalent to the high-school diploma which they lack - something which is of extreme importance for their future development. The learning disabled are, as a rule, former special school pupils with retarded intelligence who are educated in the special basic vocational school year SO 2 (BGJ/S02) with the aim of providing them with a general vocational orientation to enable them to perform occupational functions or activities, i.e. they should be put in a position of being accepted for particular occupations requiring a qualification (parag. 48 U Vocational Training Act) or prepared for employment. © Williams and Wilkins 1980. All Rights Reserved.

Of the 300 brain-injured adolescents discharged from the Gailingen Youth Centre (Jugendwerk Gailingen) between 1974-76, 199 were placed either in apprenticeship training or a job. 81.5% of the 199 rehabilitees were directly placed in vocational training or open employment. Only 18.5% received vocational training in rehabilitation training or re-training centres where the commercial and clerical occupations, including technical draftsmanship, predominated (64.5%). In open industry, on the other hand, commercial and clerical occupations, crafts and technical trades, as well as mechanical works represented the most important rehabilitation jobs with 39.2%, 38% and 6.5% respectively. The lowest percentage of handicapped neurological and psychological sequelae of the trauma was found in rehabilitees who had chosen technical draftsman and commerical occupations. The percentage was higher in crafts and technical occupations and reached its maximum in rehabilitees placed in mechanical occupations and skilled and unskilled clerical jobs. According to these findings many of the rehabilitees placed in commercial jobs would have been capable of doing craftsman's work as far as the job demands are concerned. Only 14% of the rehabilitees placed in altogether 49 occupational groups of the general labour market found their work rather hard and 6% hard to perform. The most strenous factor was the work speed from which suffered 33% placed in electrical, 20% in draftsman and 18% in mechanical occupations.

We evaluate here the experiences of doctors, pedagogues and vocational advisers in 2 years work with the Regulations of 5th August 1977 concerning aplication for apprenticeship and the General Directive of 5th August 1977 concerning regulations concerning application for apprenticeship. Timely checking of health requirements for a choice of career is shown to be advantageous for long term orientated careers, advised as early as in the 6th class, by the youth doctor. The form 'medical indications concerning choice of career' serves as an application document; it is completed by the youth doctor after a school-leaving medical examination in the 9th class. The appropriateness of the career is certified in this form by the relevant doctor. Experience shows that the choosing of a career proceeds without much problem where there is achieved a high level in the coordination of work between the child- and youth-health service, employment health service, school and the appropriate department of vocational training and vocational advice. This is especially the case for career advice to physically and psychologically disadvantaged school leavers, who require special support from society.